But I would not be afraid. CAS The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. The kids they can learn everything. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. And we could see. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Based on what we. Key criteria. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. Bass101568. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. 6.8 km. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. ADS As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. 1). Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. They could hardly do it differently. Short Term. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. 1). Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). . For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Long-term responses . They are providing food for the. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. They registered in and out of the area. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). It was very good (O). At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. You have to know what is around you. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Test. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. . The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. (). We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. Iceland. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. . Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. . In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. Learn. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. To obtain It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. . Report to ICAO-June 2012. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Long term responses of the Iceland eruption The EU now has an integrated structure for air traffic management. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. People living within a 20 km zone . But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. Match. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Find out why The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. That would scare us much more. Population data for this period is available by municipality. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. That would worry us. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. 0.0 / 5. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. The police overcame this issue during the 2010 evacuations by allowing farmers to re-enter the hazard zones to tend their livestock. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. PubMedGoogle Scholar. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. I would be anxious. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. I know most of the people that live here. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Correspondence to Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Physical Geography Case Study. So when it started we were more like What? http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. 1 / 9. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. Bass101568. Ascending the volcano. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Match. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. Springer, New York, MATH These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. But an eruption does not worry us. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. Thank you for visiting nature.com. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. They could put more effort in it. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. I think thats what most everyone did. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . . Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Test. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. Haiti earthquake 2010. 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